Steven Pinker Knihy

V knize navazující na úspěšné starší dílo Lepší andělé naší přirozenosti si psycholog, lingvista a vědecký popularizátor Steven Pinker vytyčil ambiciózní cíl: Oživit neprávem zapomínané i zatracované osvícenské ideály rozumu, vědy, humanismu a pokroku, znovu je zformulovat v jazyce a pojmech 21. století a připomenout, že právě těmto ideálům lidstvo vděčí za nebývalý rozkvět v posledních 200 letech. Řadou překvapivých statistik opět dokládá, že navzdory všeobecné skepsi prožíváme nejskvělejší éru lidské historie; svým typickým svěžím stylem s množstvím zábavných citací napříč dějinami filozofie, kultury i popkultury se však zamýšlí i nad aktuálními hrozbami a nad osvícenským přístupem k jejich řešení.

Kniha Jazykový instinkt oceňovaného experimentálního psychologa a kognitivního vědce Stevena Pinkera pojednává o tom, jakým způsobem si lidé osvojují rodný či další jazyk a co to vůbec znamená. Svůj postoj zakládá na popularizaci revolučních myšlenek amerického filozofa Noama Chomského týkajících se jazyka jako vrozené schopnosti mozku a rozvíjí je kontroverzní tezí, že my jako lidský druh vlastníme evoluční mentální modul pro tuto schopnost. Jazyk je vrozený instinkt a všechny jazyky na světě prokazují známky jediné univerzální gramatiky jediného jazyka mysli, neboli vrozené „mentálštiny“. Na té děti zakládají učení se rodnému jazyku, což Pinker vysvětluje mnoha příklady z výzkumů, kdy se děti projevují znalostmi jazyka, které se nemohly naučit pouhým poslechem dospělých. Navíc sděluje svůj názor ohledně role vrozenosti a kultury, co myslí pojmem „univerzální lidé“, rozebírá význam termínů „hloubkové“ a „povrchové struktury“, postuluje svůj názor na instituce zabývající se hlídáním stavu a čistoty jazyka a jazykové znalce, odpovídá na nářky o zkaženosti a úpadku jazyka a obhajuje slang poukazem na jeho bohatost a expresivnost.

Jak funguje jazyk a jak se učíme mluvit? Proč se jazyky během doby mění a proč mají tolik zvláštností a nepravidelností? Tyto a další záhady jazyka odhaluje autor bestselleru Jazykový instinkt, Steven Pinker. Na příkladu pravidelných a nepravidelných anglických sloves autor propojuje oblast přírodních a humanitních věd: historii jazyků, Chomského teorie o jazyku a jejich kritiku, pokusy vytvořit jazyk počítačovou simulací nervových sítí, jak se děti učí gramatické „chyby“, moderní techniky identifikace genů a zobrazení mozku či největší myšlenky z historie západní filozofie.

A controversial history of violence argues that today's world is the most peaceful time in human existence, drawing on psychological insights into intrinsic values that are causing people to condemn violence as an acceptable measure.

A brilliant inquiry into the origins of human nature from the author of Rationality, The Better Angels of Our Nature, and Enlightenment Now. "Sweeping, erudite, sharply argued, and fun to read..also highly persuasive." --Time Finalist for the Pulitzer Prize Updated with a new afterword One of the world's leading experts on language and the mind explores the idea of human nature and its moral, emotional, and political colorings. With characteristic wit, lucidity, and insight, Pinker argues that the dogma that the mind has no innate traits-a doctrine held by many intellectuals during the past century-denies our common humanity and our individual preferences, replaces objective analyses of social problems with feel-good slogans, and distorts our understanding of politics, violence, parenting, and the arts. Injecting calm and rationality into debates that are notorious for ax-grinding and mud-slinging, Pinker shows the importance of an honest acknowledgment of human nature based on science and common sense.

Bad writing can't be blamed on the Internet, or on 'the kids today'. Good writing has always been hard: a performance requiring pretence, empathy, and a drive for coherence. In The Sense of Style, cognitive scientist and linguist Steven Pinker uses the latest scientific insights to bring us a style and usage guide for the 21st century. What do skilful writers know about the link between syntax and ideas? How can we overcome the Curse of Knowledge, the difficulty in imagining what it's like not to know something we do? And can we distinguish the myths and superstitions from rules that enhance clarity and grace? As Pinker shows, everyone can improve their mastery of writing and their appreciation of the art (yes, 'their').

A prominent cognitive scientist and author of The Language Instinct explains how the brain evolved to store and use information, allowing our ancestors to control their environment, and why we think and act as we do. 50,000 first printing.

Collects for the first time Steven Pinker's most influential scholarly work on language and cognition. Pinker is a highly eminent cognitive scientist, and these essays emphasize the importance of language and its connections to cognition, social relationships, child development, human evolution, and theories of human nature.

Steven Pinker analyses what words actually mean and how we use them, and he reveals what this can tell us about ourselves. He shows how we use space and motion as metaphors for more abstract ideas, and uncovers the deeper structures of human thought that have been shaped by evolutionary history.

Before Steven Pinker became known for his bestsellers on language and human nature, he authored several influential technical monographs on language acquisition. His 1989 work, which integrates two significant topics—how children learn their mother tongue and how the mind categorizes fundamental concepts like space, time, causality, agency, and goals—has become a classic in cognitive science. Children exhibit remarkable subtlety in language use; for instance, phrases like "pour water into the glass" sound natural, while "pour the glass with water" does not. This raises the question of how children make these distinctions without consistent correction or merely mimicking their parents. Pinker addresses this paradox through a theory on how children grasp the meanings and applications of verbs, delving into its implications for language, thought, and their interrelation. In a new preface, he reflects on how the ideas explored in this work inspired his later bestseller, which examines language as a lens into human nature. He emphasizes that these technical discussions offer valuable insights into not only language acquisition but also literary metaphor, scientific understanding, political discourse, and societal views on sexuality and obscenity.

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER “In our uncertain age, which can so often feel so dark and disturbing, Steven Pinker has distinguished himself as a voice of positivity.” – New York Times Can reading a book make you more rational? Steven Pinker addresses this question and explores the paradox of humanity's scientific advancements alongside widespread irrationality. Despite developing vaccines for Covid-19 in record time, society grapples with fake news and conspiracy theories. Pinker challenges the notion that humans are inherently irrational, arguing instead that we possess the capacity for rational thought, having discovered the laws of nature and improved our lives through knowledge. However, we often neglect the powerful reasoning tools available to us—such as logic, critical thinking, and understanding probability and causation. These concepts are rarely taught effectively, leaving a gap in our education. The book also examines how the rational pursuit of self-interest and group loyalty can lead to societal irrationality. Promoting collective rationality requires norms that foster objectivity and truth. Ultimately, embracing rationality can lead to better personal choices and social progress. Brimming with insight and humor, this work aims to enlighten and empower readers.

"Progress. It is one of the animating concepts of the modern era. From the Enlightenment onwards, the West has had an enduring belief that through the evolution of institutions, innovations, and ideas, the human condition is improving. This process is supposedly accelerating as new technologies, individual freedoms, and the spread of global norms empower individuals and societies around the world. But is progress inevitable? Its critics argue that human civilization has become different, not better, over the last two and a half centuries. What is seen as a breakthrough or innovation in one period becomes a setback or limitation in another. In short, progress is an ideology not a fact; a way of thinking about the world as opposed to a description of reality. In the seventeenth semi-annual Munk Debates, which was held in Toronto on November 6, 2015, pioneering cognitive scientist Steven Pinker and best-selling author Matt Ridley squared off against noted philosopher Alain de Botton and best-selling author Malcolm Gladwell to debate whether humankind's best days lie ahead, "--Amazon.com.

Wie Gemeinsames Wissen unsere Gesellschaft bildet – die erste umfassende Theorie Von der Börse über internationale Beziehungen bis hin zu privaten Verabredungen: Tagtäglich treffen wir Annahmen darüber, was andere Menschen wissen und denken, und richten unser Handeln danach aus – oft, ohne uns dessen bewusst zu sein. Steven Pinker befasst sich in seinem neuen Buch damit, wie wir den Wissensstand anderer Menschen einschätzen. Anhand von zahlreichen Beispielen aus der Spieltheorie, der Geschichte und unserem Alltag zeigt er so klar wie unterhaltsam, dass unsere alltäglichen Interaktionen auf komplexesten Überlegungen beruhen – und warum diese Tatsache unser Zusammenleben entscheidend prägt.